China’s trial-and-error economy

Chinese Prime Minister Li Keqiang’s work plan for this year, revealed at this month’s National People’s Congress, highlighted the country’s shift to a “new normal” of 7 per cent economic growth. The shift to slower growth poses serious challenges, but it also creates an important opportunity for China to ensure its long-term economic development.

China’s leaders recognise this opportunity and are taking action to support the shift to more sustainable growth models. The Finance Ministry has raised the central government’s budget deficit figure from 1.8 per cent of gross domestic product this year to as much as 2.7 per cent next year, and will allow highly leveraged local governments to swap 1 trillion yuan (S$224 billion) of debt maturing this year for bonds with lower interest rates.

Likewise, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) has provided monetary support, gradually lowering interest rates and reserve requirements. Because wages are still rising, the inflation target for 2015 has been set at 3 per cent — higher than the actual 2014 inflation of 2 per cent, even though producer-price inflation has been negative for 36 months. The PBOC also has projected a stable exchange-rate environment for this year — despite the steep depreciation of the Japanese yen, the euro and emerging-economy currencies against the dollar — thereby promoting global stability.

These policies reflect a remarkable determination to continue on the path of structural reform, despite strong headwinds from the deteriorating external environment and domestic structural adjustments. In short, China’s government seems to have a clear long-term vision.

But not everyone is optimistic about China’s trajectory. Veteran China watcher David Shambaugh recently went so far as to warn that the challenges facing the political system, led by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), may be severely compromising the government’s ability to implement the package of ambitious economic reforms that it unveiled in 2013.

And yet the claim that China’s economic and political development is in jeopardy seems to ignore the country’s adaptive learning process, which shapes every economic, diplomatic, military and social policy. This process — characterised by experimentation, assessment and adjustment — emerged from the CCP’s military experience of the 1930s, was applied by Deng Xiaoping to his reform programme in the 1980s, and has been refined by subsequent Chinese leaders. Because no economy had ever experienced such rapid growth on such a large scale, the only way to manage China’s development was, as Deng put it, to cross the river by feeling the stones.

China’s adaptive policymaking approach has produced both spectacular failures, with entire markets being shut down and remarkable successes, yielding models that could be applied across the country. Some experiments have had less clear results, making, say, a positive contribution to GDP growth, but also contributing to problems such as excess industrial capacity, pollution, corruption and the creation of ghost towns.

In a context of experimentation, such unintended consequences are understandable. The mere fact that they have emerged in no way suggests that China is headed for disaster; that would be the case only if these problems were allowed to persist.

Preventing such an outcome requires that efforts to adjust to China’s “new normal” go beyond policies intended to sustain economic growth. Reforms must aim to bolster inclusivity, advance environmental sustainability, promote innovation and boost competitiveness. And this is precisely the four-pronged approach that China’s leaders seem to be taking.

Indeed, from slashing coal consumption to address air pollution to plans for integrating information technologies with modern manufacturing, the government has shown time and again that it recognises its reform imperatives. And, by remaining dogged in its efforts to root out official graft, it has demonstrated its will to do what is needed to ensure that China succeeds.

This is not to say that it is all smooth sailing ahead. The Chinese bureaucracy must adapt radically to cope with the risks — and take advantage of the benefits — of technology and globalisation, with the biggest challenge being the shift to a knowledge-based, environmentally conscious, inclusive and stable industrial base. And China’s government must take steps to enable market forces to play a greater role in directing economic activity, including by reducing licensing and regulatory requirements in the private sector.

Market forces will also benefit from the growth in households’ spending power. Indeed, continued real-wage growth is forcing inefficient industries that relied solely on cheap labour out of the market, while bolstering the competitiveness of producers that appeal to the evolving tastes of China’s increasingly potent consumers. To support this process, China is now implementing deposit insurance, for example.

At the same time, China is reforming its inefficient approval-based system of initial public offerings to one based on registrations. A more active and efficient IPO market will allow companies to meet their financing needs without bank intermediation — a step that is vital to helping firms eliminate their debt overhangs.

In fact, reducing the role of banks is essential to balancing China’s economy. Despite the recent rebound, China’s stock-market capitalisation amounts to only 40 per cent of GDP, while banking assets total 266 per cent of GDP. Meanwhile, only 10 per cent of total social funding comes from the equity market.

But there is one important component missing from the government’s reform agenda for 2015: Improved bankruptcy procedures for failed borrowers. Unless failed borrowers and projects exit the system quickly and smoothly, the market will be saddled with bad debt and incomplete projects, undermining its performance.

China has repeatedly proven its durability and adaptability. Now, it must do so yet again, by ensuring that its “new normal” is as stable, sustainable, and inclusive as possible.

This entails strengthening China’s institutional foundations and establishing clear, transparent rules, to encourage experimentation and innovation, ensure the smooth exit of failed projects, and manage the fall-out of errors.

Failure may be the mother of success — but only if one makes the effort to learn from it. Fortunately, China’s leaders seem intent on doing just that.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Andrew Sheng is Distinguished Fellow of the Fung Global Institute and a member of the UNEP Advisory Council on Sustainable Finance. Xiao Geng is Director of Research at the Fung Global Institute.