Indian farmers plan to make the monsoon last all year

NEW DELHI — Mr Prem Singh Khinchi, 78, walks with habitual ease over wet, lumpy soil to stand on the edge of his farm in central India and survey his soybean saplings. He gestures with a satisfied smile toward his man-made pond as big as an Olympic pool and declares that the monsoon rainwater he has collected on his previously parched land will last him a year.

“We’ll have more than enough water,” says Mr Khinchi. He and another farmer were among the first to dig irrigation ponds a decade ago at the behest of a district official who came up with the idea. As Mr Khinchi reaped three crops a year from his irrigated farm instead of two and boosted his income three times over, imitators followed, digging more than 4,000 rain-collection holes in the Dewas district of the state of Madhya Pradesh alone, where water trains used to have to carry in vital river water from far away. “You can look around and see what a difference our farm ponds have made to our lives, our incomes and our fields,” Mr Khinchi says.

India now plans to replicate the Dewas model across the entire country. The goal is 1.2 million by March next year, more than double the current 500,000, according to Mr Amarjeet Sinha, the top bureaucrat in India’s Ministry of Rural Development. While the initiative began before the government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, his administration has sharpened its focus and set solid targets.

Two years of deficient rainfall have affected more than a third of India’s 1.2 billion people and forced 11 states to seek financial aid. As crops failed, higher food prices have stoked inflation, which exceeded 6 per cent in July. Unprecedented declines in water levels at the nation’s reservoirs have driven hundreds to seek refuge in cities, even as the government has spent US$1.5 billion (S$2 billion) on drought assistance.

With India expected to experience increasingly wide rainfall variations, digging farm ponds to trap monsoon rain that previously ran off quickly from parched land can offer some measure of relief — and increase land productivity as much as 300 per cent.

It all started with a man seeking a simple solution to Dewas’ water problems. “When I came here, all I heard from people were stories about lack of water, about how water was brought here by train and how this is essentially an arid, difficult area,” said Mr Umakant Umrao, a former district official who had trained as a civil engineer.

He managed to convince Mr Khinchi, and ultimately thousands of other farmers, that they only have to give up a small amount of their land for a pond to irrigate the rest of it, and that they could recover their investment in a little more than two years.

“The experiment was a big success, and it is spreading. We have farmers teaching farmers how to harness rainwater for irrigation.”

Government policies such as cheap electricity for farmers have led to unfettered groundwater exploitation and have unwittingly fuelled inflation, according to a July report by Societe Generale. Farmers account for 70 per cent of India’s water usage, according to government data.

“Our challenge is entirely man-made,” said Mr Shashi Shekhar, the secretary of the Ministry of Water Resources. Not enough attention has been paid in the past to conserving the water table underground and managing India’s water resources as an entire ecosystem rather than as a system of individual rivers and lakes administered on a state-by-state basis, he said.

India’s 120-day monsoon season typically sees intense rain showers for about 40 to 50 days.

“Erratic weather is giving rise to new normals. We seem to have intense rain for fewer days during the monsoon, and farmers are increasingly unsure of rainfall,’’ said Mr Vineet Kumar, climate change researcher at the Centre for Science and Environment in New Delhi. “The need for rainwater harvesting structures is higher than ever.’’

A MODEL FOR REST OF INDIA

Monsoon ponds are now constructed using a ratio of 2 to 3m deep and 1ha wide to irrigate every 8 to 10ha of land, resulting in yield productivity increases of as much as 300 per cent, according to materials provided by the Madhya Pradesh government.

Villagers have also come to realise the importance of pooling resources. About 60km south of Dewas, in the village of Kevatiyapani, a pond funded by four surrounding tribal villages holds drinking water for cattle. This tides them over during blistering summers when temperatures rise as high as 46°C, according to Mr Deo Ram, 50, who watches over about 60 buffalo and cows grazing near the pond.

In addition to villagers’ contributions, some funds and labour came from the government’s Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.

Almost all the hills of Kevatiyapani are pockmarked with rubble masonry and small, rectangular ditches to arrest rainwater flows. The structures were devised with help from Dewas-based non-profit organisation Samaj Pragati Sahayog, which means Cooperation for Community Progress.

State-appointed “master trainers” from Dewas, including Mr Khinchi, now teach visiting officials and farmers from neighbouring drought-hit states including Maharashtra and Rajasthan. More than 400 farmers from Latur, Maharashtra’s worst-drought-affected district, travelled to Dewas this year to learn to dig monsoon-collection pools.

Dewas was mentioned in Mr Modi’s radio address to the nation earlier this year, after his government announced plans to expand the farm ponds programme past the one million mark by next year. Farmers from Dewas have received awards from India’s President for conserving water.

“Out here in Dewas, we aren’t just focused on holding back water from flowing,” said Mr Mohammad Abbas, a Dewas agriculture department official who accompanied two farmers he helped train to New Delhi to receive the honours. “Like a farmer sows seeds, we’re sowing water so that our future generations can reap a harvest of water.”

Farmers are now planting water-intensive crops such as watermelons that they could never grow before, said Mr Khinchi. “God willing, Dewas won’t ever need trains to bring us water again,” he said. BLOOMBERG